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resignation for the leader

  • 1 resignation for the leader

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > resignation for the leader

  • 2 уход в отставку лидера

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > уход в отставку лидера

  • 3 call

    ko:l
    1. verb
    1) (to give a name to: My name is Alexander but I'm called Sandy by my friends) llamar
    2) (to regard (something) as: I saw you turn that card over - I call that cheating.) llamar
    3) (to speak loudly (to someone) to attract attention etc: Call everyone over here; She called louder so as to get his attention.) llamar
    4) (to summon; to ask (someone) to come (by letter, telephone etc): They called him for an interview for the job; He called a doctor.) convocar
    5) (to make a visit: I shall call at your house this evening; You were out when I called.) hacer una visita
    6) (to telephone: I'll call you at 6 p.m.) llamar
    7) ((in card games) to bid.) marcar, declarar

    2. noun
    1) (an exclamation or shout: a call for help.) grito
    2) (the song of a bird: the call of a blackbird.) canto
    3) (a (usually short) visit: The teacher made a call on the boy's parents.) visita
    4) (the act of calling on the telephone: I've just had a call from the police.) llamada
    5) ((usually with the) attraction: the call of the sea.) llamada
    6) (a demand: There's less call for coachmen nowadays.) demanda
    7) (a need or reason: You've no call to say such things!) necesidad, motivo
    •
    - calling
    - call-box
    - call for
    - call off
    - call on
    - call up
    - give someone a call
    - give a call
    - on call
    call1 n
    1. grito / llamada
    2. llamada telefónica
    3. visita
    call2 vb
    1. llamar / gritar
    2. llamar por teléfono / telefonear
    3. llamar
    what's your dog called? ¿cómo se llama tu perro?
    4. visitar / pasar a ver
    tr[kɔːl]
    1 (shout, cry) grito, llamada
    2 (by telephone) llamada (telefónica)
    3 (of bird) reclamo
    4 (demand) demanda; (need) motivo
    5 (summons, vocation) llamada; (lure) llamada, atracción nombre femenino
    6 (request, demand) llamamiento
    7 (short visit) visita
    1 (shout) llamar
    3 (summon - meeting, strike, election) convocar; (announce - flight) anunciar
    5 (name, describe as) llamar
    ■ what have they called their baby? ¿qué nombre le han puesto al bebé?
    ■ what's Peter's girlfriend called? ¿cómo se llama la novia de Peter?
    ■ what's this called in Spanish? ¿cómo se llama esto en español?
    1 (shout) llamar
    ■ why didn't you come when I called? ¿por qué no viniste cuando te llamé?
    2 (by phone) llamar
    ■ who's calling please? ¿de parte de quién?
    3 (visit) pasar, hacer una visita
    4 (train) parar (at, en)
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    let's call it a day démoslo por terminado, dejémoslo
    let's call it quits dejémoslo estar
    the call of duty la llamada del deber
    to answer a call of nature hacer sus necesidades
    to be on call estar de guardia
    to call a halt to something atajar algo, acabar con algo
    to call for something/somebody pasar a recoger algo/a alguien
    to call in on somebody ir a ver a alguien
    to call oneself considerarse
    to call somebody names poner verde a alguien, insultar a alguien
    to call somebody to account pedirle cuentas a alguien
    to call somebody's bluff devolver la pelota a alguien
    to call something one's own tener algo de propiedad
    to call something to mind traer algo a la memoria
    to call the shots / call the tune llevar la batuta, llevar la voz cantante
    to give somebody a call llamar a alguien
    to have first call on something tener prioridad sobre algo
    to have too many calls on one's time tener muchas obligaciones, estar muy ocupado,-a
    to pay a call on ir a ver a alguien, hacer una visita a alguien
    what time do you call this? ¿qué horas son éstas?
    call box SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL cabina telefónica
    call girl prostituta
    call ['kɔl] vi
    1) cry, shout: gritar, vociferar
    2) visit: hacer (una) visita, visitar
    3)
    to call for : exigir, requerir, necesitar
    it calls for patience: requiere mucha paciencia
    call vt
    1) summon: llamar, convocar
    2) telephone: llamar por teléfono, telefonear
    3) name: llamar, apodar
    call n
    1) shout: grito m, llamada f
    2) : grito m (de un animal), reclamo m (de un pájaro)
    3) summons: llamada f
    4) demand: llamado m, petición f
    5) visit: visita f
    6) decision: decisión f (en deportes)
    7) or telephone call : llamada f (telefónica)
    n.
    • llamada (Teléfono) s.f.
    • llamamiento s.m.
    • reclamo s.m.
    • toque s.m.
    • visita s.f.
    expr.
    • estar sobre el tapete expr.
    • reprender v.
    v.
    • apellidar v.
    • convocar v.
    • decir v.
    (§pres: digo, dices...) pret: dij-
    pp: dicho
    fut/c: dir-•)
    • intitular v.
    • invitar v.
    • llamar (Teléfono) v.
    • pasar lista v.
    • titular v.
    kɔːl
    I
    1) ( by telephone) llamada f

    to make a call — hacer* una llamada (telefónica)

    will you take the call? — ( talk to somebody) ¿le paso la llamada?; ( accept charges) ¿acepta la llamada?

    local/long-distance call — llamada urbana/interurbana

    2)
    a) ( of person - cry) llamada f, llamado m (AmL); (- shout) grito m
    b) ( of animal) grito m; ( of bird) reclamo m
    3)
    a) ( summons)

    to be on call — estar* de guardia

    to answer o obey the call of nature — (euph) hacer* sus (or mis etc) necesidades (euf)

    b) ( lure) llamada f, atracción f
    4) ( demand) llamamiento m, llamado m (AmL)
    5) ( claim)
    6) (usu with neg)
    a) ( reason) motivo m
    b) ( demand) demanda f
    7) ( visit) visita f

    to pay a call on somebody — hacerle* una visita a alguien

    8) ( Sport) decisión f, cobro m (Chi)

    II
    1.
    1) ( shout) llamar
    2) \<\<police/taxi/doctor\>\> llamar; \<\<strike\>\> llamar a, convocar*
    3) (contact - by telephone, radio) llamar

    for more information call us on o at 341-6920 — para más información llame or llámenos al (teléfono) 341-6920

    don't call us, we'll call you — (set phrase) ya lo llamaremos

    4) (name, describe as) llamar

    we call her Betty — la llamamos or (esp AmL) le decimos Betty

    what are you going to call the baby? — ¿qué nombre le van a poner al bebé?

    what is this called in Italian? — ¿cómo se llama esto en italiano?

    are you calling me a liar? — ¿me estás llamando mentiroso?

    he calls himself an artist, but... — se dice or se considera un artista pero...

    what sort of time do you call this? — ¿éstas son horas de llegar?

    shall we call it $30? — digamos or pongamos que treinta dólares

    5) ( in poker) ver*; ( in bridge) declarar

    2.
    vi
    1) \<\<person\>\> llamar

    to call TO somebody: she called to me for help — me llamó para que la ayudara

    2) (by telephone, radio) llamar

    who's calling, please? — ¿de parte de quién, por favor?

    3) ( visit) pasar
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [kɔːl]
    1. N
    1) (=cry) llamada f, llamado m (LAm); (=shout) grito m ; [of bird] canto m, reclamo m ; (imitating bird's cry) reclamo m ; (imitating animal's cry) chilla f

    • they came at my call — acudieron a mi llamada

    • please give me a call at seven — (in hotel) despiérteme a las siete, por favor; (at friend's) llámame a las siete

    • within call — al alcance de la voz

    2) (Telec) llamada f

    to make a call — llamar (por teléfono), hacer una llamada, telefonear (esp LAm)

    3) (=appeal, summons, invitation) llamamiento m, llamado (LAm); (Aer) (for flight) anuncio m ; (Theat) (to actor) llamamiento m

    • to answer the call — (Rel) acudir al llamamiento

    • the boat sent out a call for help — el barco emitió una llamada de socorro

    • to be on call — (=on duty) estar de guardia; (=available) estar disponible

    money on call — dinero m a la vista

    • the minister sent out a call to the country to remain calm — el ministro hizo un llamamiento al país para que conservara la calma

    4) (=lure) llamada f

    • the call of duty — la llamada del deber

    • to answer the call of nature — euph hacer sus necesidades fisiológicas

    • the call of the sea — la llamada del mar

    • the call of the unknown — la llamada de lo desconocido

    5) (=visit) (also Med) visita f

    • the boat makes a call at Vigo — el barco hace escala en Vigo

    • to pay a call on sb — ir a ver a algn, hacer una visita a algn

    • port of call — puerto m de escala

    6) (=need) motivo m

    • you had no call to say that — no tenías motivo alguno para decir eso

    7) (=demand) demanda f ( for de)

    • there isn't much call for these now — hay poca demanda de estos ahora

    8) (=claim)

    • to have first call on sth — (resources etc) tener prioridad en algo; (when buying it) tener opción de compra sobre algo

    9) (Bridge) marca f, voz f

    whose call is it? — ¿a quién le toca declarar?

    10)
    - have a close call
    2. VT
    1) (=shout out) [+ name, person] llamar, gritar

    did you call me? — ¿me llamaste?

    attention 1., 1), halt 1., 1), name 1., 2), shot 2., 4), tune 1., 1)
    2) (=summon) [+ doctor, taxi] llamar; [+ meeting, election] convocar

    • to be called to the Bar — (Brit) (Jur) licenciarse como abogado, recibirse de abogado (LAm)

    • he felt called to serve God — se sentía llamado a servir al Señor

    • to call a strike — convocar una huelga

    • to call sb as a witness — citar a algn como testigo

    3) (Telec) llamar (por teléfono)

    don't call us, we'll call you — no se moleste en llamar, nosotros le llamaremos

    4) (=announce) [+ flight] anunciar
    5) (=waken) despertar, llamar

    please call me at eight — me llama or despierta a las ocho, por favor

    6) (=name, describe) llamar

    what are you called? — ¿cómo te llamas?

    what are they calling him? — ¿qué nombre le van a poner?

    are you calling me a liar? — ¿me está diciendo que soy un mentiroso?, ¿me está llamando mentiroso?

    7) (=consider)

    • I call it an insult — para mí eso es un insulto

    let's call it £50 — quedamos en 50 libras

    • I had nothing I could call my own — no tenía más que lo puesto

    • what time do you call this? — iro ¿qué hora crees que es?

    • call yourself a friend? — iro ¿y tú dices que eres un amigo?

    8) [+ result] (of election, race) hacer público, anunciar
    9) (Bridge) declarar
    10) (US) (Sport) [+ game] suspender
    3. VI
    1) (=shout) [person] llamar; (=cry, sing) [bird] cantar

    did you call? — ¿me llamaste?

    2) (Telec)

    who's calling? — ¿de parte de quién?, ¿quién (le) llama?

    London calling — (Rad) aquí Londres

    3) (=visit) pasar (a ver)

    please call again — (Comm) gracias por su visita

    4.
    CPD

    call centre N — (Brit) (Telec) centro m de atención al cliente, call centre m

    call girl N — prostituta f (que concierta citas por teléfono)

    call letters NPL — (US) (Telec) letras fpl de identificación, indicativo m

    call loan N — (Econ) préstamo m cobrable a la vista

    call money N — (Econ) dinero m a la vista

    call number N — (US) [of library book] número m de catalogación

    call option N — (St Ex) opción f de compra a precio fijado

    call sign N — (Rad) (señal f de) llamada f

    call signal N — (Telec) código m de llamada

    * * *
    [kɔːl]
    I
    1) ( by telephone) llamada f

    to make a call — hacer* una llamada (telefónica)

    will you take the call? — ( talk to somebody) ¿le paso la llamada?; ( accept charges) ¿acepta la llamada?

    local/long-distance call — llamada urbana/interurbana

    2)
    a) ( of person - cry) llamada f, llamado m (AmL); (- shout) grito m
    b) ( of animal) grito m; ( of bird) reclamo m
    3)
    a) ( summons)

    to be on call — estar* de guardia

    to answer o obey the call of nature — (euph) hacer* sus (or mis etc) necesidades (euf)

    b) ( lure) llamada f, atracción f
    4) ( demand) llamamiento m, llamado m (AmL)
    5) ( claim)
    6) (usu with neg)
    a) ( reason) motivo m
    b) ( demand) demanda f
    7) ( visit) visita f

    to pay a call on somebody — hacerle* una visita a alguien

    8) ( Sport) decisión f, cobro m (Chi)

    II
    1.
    1) ( shout) llamar
    2) \<\<police/taxi/doctor\>\> llamar; \<\<strike\>\> llamar a, convocar*
    3) (contact - by telephone, radio) llamar

    for more information call us on o at 341-6920 — para más información llame or llámenos al (teléfono) 341-6920

    don't call us, we'll call you — (set phrase) ya lo llamaremos

    4) (name, describe as) llamar

    we call her Betty — la llamamos or (esp AmL) le decimos Betty

    what are you going to call the baby? — ¿qué nombre le van a poner al bebé?

    what is this called in Italian? — ¿cómo se llama esto en italiano?

    are you calling me a liar? — ¿me estás llamando mentiroso?

    he calls himself an artist, but... — se dice or se considera un artista pero...

    what sort of time do you call this? — ¿éstas son horas de llegar?

    shall we call it $30? — digamos or pongamos que treinta dólares

    5) ( in poker) ver*; ( in bridge) declarar

    2.
    vi
    1) \<\<person\>\> llamar

    to call TO somebody: she called to me for help — me llamó para que la ayudara

    2) (by telephone, radio) llamar

    who's calling, please? — ¿de parte de quién, por favor?

    3) ( visit) pasar
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > call

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 CALL

    ko:l
    1. verb
    1) (to give a name to: My name is Alexander but I'm called Sandy by my friends) llamar
    2) (to regard (something) as: I saw you turn that card over - I call that cheating.) llamar
    3) (to speak loudly (to someone) to attract attention etc: Call everyone over here; She called louder so as to get his attention.) llamar
    4) (to summon; to ask (someone) to come (by letter, telephone etc): They called him for an interview for the job; He called a doctor.) convocar
    5) (to make a visit: I shall call at your house this evening; You were out when I called.) hacer una visita
    6) (to telephone: I'll call you at 6 p.m.) llamar
    7) ((in card games) to bid.) marcar, declarar

    2. noun
    1) (an exclamation or shout: a call for help.) grito
    2) (the song of a bird: the call of a blackbird.) canto
    3) (a (usually short) visit: The teacher made a call on the boy's parents.) visita
    4) (the act of calling on the telephone: I've just had a call from the police.) llamada
    5) ((usually with the) attraction: the call of the sea.) llamada
    6) (a demand: There's less call for coachmen nowadays.) demanda
    7) (a need or reason: You've no call to say such things!) necesidad, motivo
    •
    - calling
    - call-box
    - call for
    - call off
    - call on
    - call up
    - give someone a call
    - give a call
    - on call
    call1 n
    1. grito / llamada
    2. llamada telefónica
    3. visita
    call2 vb
    1. llamar / gritar
    2. llamar por teléfono / telefonear
    3. llamar
    what's your dog called? ¿cómo se llama tu perro?
    4. visitar / pasar a ver
    tr[kɔːl]
    1 (shout, cry) grito, llamada
    2 (by telephone) llamada (telefónica)
    3 (of bird) reclamo
    4 (demand) demanda; (need) motivo
    5 (summons, vocation) llamada; (lure) llamada, atracción nombre femenino
    6 (request, demand) llamamiento
    7 (short visit) visita
    1 (shout) llamar
    3 (summon - meeting, strike, election) convocar; (announce - flight) anunciar
    5 (name, describe as) llamar
    ■ what have they called their baby? ¿qué nombre le han puesto al bebé?
    ■ what's Peter's girlfriend called? ¿cómo se llama la novia de Peter?
    ■ what's this called in Spanish? ¿cómo se llama esto en español?
    1 (shout) llamar
    ■ why didn't you come when I called? ¿por qué no viniste cuando te llamé?
    2 (by phone) llamar
    ■ who's calling please? ¿de parte de quién?
    3 (visit) pasar, hacer una visita
    4 (train) parar (at, en)
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    let's call it a day démoslo por terminado, dejémoslo
    let's call it quits dejémoslo estar
    the call of duty la llamada del deber
    to answer a call of nature hacer sus necesidades
    to be on call estar de guardia
    to call a halt to something atajar algo, acabar con algo
    to call for something/somebody pasar a recoger algo/a alguien
    to call in on somebody ir a ver a alguien
    to call oneself considerarse
    to call somebody names poner verde a alguien, insultar a alguien
    to call somebody to account pedirle cuentas a alguien
    to call somebody's bluff devolver la pelota a alguien
    to call something one's own tener algo de propiedad
    to call something to mind traer algo a la memoria
    to call the shots / call the tune llevar la batuta, llevar la voz cantante
    to give somebody a call llamar a alguien
    to have first call on something tener prioridad sobre algo
    to have too many calls on one's time tener muchas obligaciones, estar muy ocupado,-a
    to pay a call on ir a ver a alguien, hacer una visita a alguien
    what time do you call this? ¿qué horas son éstas?
    call box SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL cabina telefónica
    call girl prostituta
    call ['kɔl] vi
    1) cry, shout: gritar, vociferar
    2) visit: hacer (una) visita, visitar
    3)
    to call for : exigir, requerir, necesitar
    it calls for patience: requiere mucha paciencia
    call vt
    1) summon: llamar, convocar
    2) telephone: llamar por teléfono, telefonear
    3) name: llamar, apodar
    call n
    1) shout: grito m, llamada f
    2) : grito m (de un animal), reclamo m (de un pájaro)
    3) summons: llamada f
    4) demand: llamado m, petición f
    5) visit: visita f
    6) decision: decisión f (en deportes)
    7) or telephone call : llamada f (telefónica)
    n.
    • llamada (Teléfono) s.f.
    • llamamiento s.m.
    • reclamo s.m.
    • toque s.m.
    • visita s.f.
    expr.
    • estar sobre el tapete expr.
    • reprender v.
    v.
    • apellidar v.
    • convocar v.
    • decir v.
    (§pres: digo, dices...) pret: dij-
    pp: dicho
    fut/c: dir-•)
    • intitular v.
    • invitar v.
    • llamar (Teléfono) v.
    • pasar lista v.
    • titular v.
    kɔːl
    I
    1) ( by telephone) llamada f

    to make a call — hacer* una llamada (telefónica)

    will you take the call? — ( talk to somebody) ¿le paso la llamada?; ( accept charges) ¿acepta la llamada?

    local/long-distance call — llamada urbana/interurbana

    2)
    a) ( of person - cry) llamada f, llamado m (AmL); (- shout) grito m
    b) ( of animal) grito m; ( of bird) reclamo m
    3)
    a) ( summons)

    to be on call — estar* de guardia

    to answer o obey the call of nature — (euph) hacer* sus (or mis etc) necesidades (euf)

    b) ( lure) llamada f, atracción f
    4) ( demand) llamamiento m, llamado m (AmL)
    5) ( claim)
    6) (usu with neg)
    a) ( reason) motivo m
    b) ( demand) demanda f
    7) ( visit) visita f

    to pay a call on somebody — hacerle* una visita a alguien

    8) ( Sport) decisión f, cobro m (Chi)

    II
    1.
    1) ( shout) llamar
    2) \<\<police/taxi/doctor\>\> llamar; \<\<strike\>\> llamar a, convocar*
    3) (contact - by telephone, radio) llamar

    for more information call us on o at 341-6920 — para más información llame or llámenos al (teléfono) 341-6920

    don't call us, we'll call you — (set phrase) ya lo llamaremos

    4) (name, describe as) llamar

    we call her Betty — la llamamos or (esp AmL) le decimos Betty

    what are you going to call the baby? — ¿qué nombre le van a poner al bebé?

    what is this called in Italian? — ¿cómo se llama esto en italiano?

    are you calling me a liar? — ¿me estás llamando mentiroso?

    he calls himself an artist, but... — se dice or se considera un artista pero...

    what sort of time do you call this? — ¿éstas son horas de llegar?

    shall we call it $30? — digamos or pongamos que treinta dólares

    5) ( in poker) ver*; ( in bridge) declarar

    2.
    vi
    1) \<\<person\>\> llamar

    to call TO somebody: she called to me for help — me llamó para que la ayudara

    2) (by telephone, radio) llamar

    who's calling, please? — ¿de parte de quién, por favor?

    3) ( visit) pasar
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [kɔːl]
    N ABBR = computer-assisted language learning
    * * *
    [kɔːl]
    I
    1) ( by telephone) llamada f

    to make a call — hacer* una llamada (telefónica)

    will you take the call? — ( talk to somebody) ¿le paso la llamada?; ( accept charges) ¿acepta la llamada?

    local/long-distance call — llamada urbana/interurbana

    2)
    a) ( of person - cry) llamada f, llamado m (AmL); (- shout) grito m
    b) ( of animal) grito m; ( of bird) reclamo m
    3)
    a) ( summons)

    to be on call — estar* de guardia

    to answer o obey the call of nature — (euph) hacer* sus (or mis etc) necesidades (euf)

    b) ( lure) llamada f, atracción f
    4) ( demand) llamamiento m, llamado m (AmL)
    5) ( claim)
    6) (usu with neg)
    a) ( reason) motivo m
    b) ( demand) demanda f
    7) ( visit) visita f

    to pay a call on somebody — hacerle* una visita a alguien

    8) ( Sport) decisión f, cobro m (Chi)

    II
    1.
    1) ( shout) llamar
    2) \<\<police/taxi/doctor\>\> llamar; \<\<strike\>\> llamar a, convocar*
    3) (contact - by telephone, radio) llamar

    for more information call us on o at 341-6920 — para más información llame or llámenos al (teléfono) 341-6920

    don't call us, we'll call you — (set phrase) ya lo llamaremos

    4) (name, describe as) llamar

    we call her Betty — la llamamos or (esp AmL) le decimos Betty

    what are you going to call the baby? — ¿qué nombre le van a poner al bebé?

    what is this called in Italian? — ¿cómo se llama esto en italiano?

    are you calling me a liar? — ¿me estás llamando mentiroso?

    he calls himself an artist, but... — se dice or se considera un artista pero...

    what sort of time do you call this? — ¿éstas son horas de llegar?

    shall we call it $30? — digamos or pongamos que treinta dólares

    5) ( in poker) ver*; ( in bridge) declarar

    2.
    vi
    1) \<\<person\>\> llamar

    to call TO somebody: she called to me for help — me llamó para que la ayudara

    2) (by telephone, radio) llamar

    who's calling, please? — ¿de parte de quién, por favor?

    3) ( visit) pasar
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > CALL

  • 6 lead

    I
    1. li:d past tense, past participle - led; verb
    1) (to guide or direct or cause to go in a certain direction: Follow my car and I'll lead you to the motorway; She took the child by the hand and led him across the road; He was leading the horse into the stable; The sound of hammering led us to the garage; You led us to believe that we would be paid!) llevar, conducir
    2) (to go or carry to a particular place or along a particular course: A small path leads through the woods.) llevar
    3) ((with to) to cause or bring about a certain situation or state of affairs: The heavy rain led to serious floods.) ocasionar
    4) (to be first (in): An official car led the procession; He is still leading in the competition.) liderar
    5) (to live (a certain kind of life): She leads a pleasant existence on a Greek island.) llevar

    2. noun
    1) (the front place or position: He has taken over the lead in the race.) delantera
    2) (the state of being first: We have a lead over the rest of the world in this kind of research.) liderato
    3) (the act of leading: We all followed his lead.) liderazgo
    4) (the amount by which one is ahead of others: He has a lead of twenty metres (over the man in second place).) ventaja
    5) (a leather strap or chain for leading a dog etc: All dogs must be kept on a lead.) correa
    6) (a piece of information which will help to solve a mystery etc: The police have several leads concerning the identity of the thief.) pista
    7) (a leading part in a play etc: Who plays the lead in that film?) primer papel, papel principal, papel protagonista
    •
    - leadership
    - lead on
    - lead up the garden path
    - lead up to
    - lead the way
    II led noun
    1) ((also adjective) (of) an element, a soft, heavy, bluish-grey metal: lead pipes; Are these pipes made of lead or copper?) plomo
    2) (the part of a pencil that leaves a mark: The lead of my pencil has broken.) mina
    •
    lead1 n
    1. mina
    2. plomo
    lead2 n
    1. ventaja
    2. delantera
    who's in the lead? ¿quién lleva la delantera? / ¿quién va ganando?
    3. papel principal
    4. correa
    where's the dog's lead? ¿dónde está la correa del perro?
    5. cable eléctrico
    lead3 vb
    1. llevar / conducir
    where does this path lead? ¿adónde conduce este sendero?
    2. dirigir / liderar
    3. ir primero / ganar / llevar la delantera
    to lead a... life llevar una vida...
    El pasado y participio pasado de lead es led; se pronuncia más o menos lid, con una i larga
    tr[led]
    1 (metal) plomo
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    lead poisoning saturnismo
    ————————
    tr[liːd]
    transitive verb (pt & pp lead tr[led])
    1 (guide) llevar, conducir
    2 (be leader of) liderar, dirigir
    3 (be first in) ocupar el primer puesto en
    4 (influence) llevar
    5 (life) llevar
    6 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (orchestra) ser el primer violín de
    7 (us mus) dirigir
    8 (cards) salir con
    1 (road) conducir, llevar (to, a)
    2 (command) tener el mando
    3 (go first) ir primero,-a; (in race) llevar la delantera
    4 (cards) salir
    1 (front position) delantera
    2 SMALLSPORT/SMALL liderato (difference) ventaja
    3 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL primer papel nombre masculino
    4 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (for dog) correa
    5 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL cable nombre masculino
    6 (clue) pista
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in the lead ir en cabeza
    to follow somebody's lead seguir el ejemplo de alguien
    to lead a dog's life llevar una vida de perros
    to lead somebody to believe something llevar a alguien a creer algo
    to lead the way enseñar el camino
    to take the lead (in race) tomar la delantera 2 (in score) adelantarse en el marcador
    lead time tiempo de planificación y producción
    lead ['li:d] vt, led ['lɛd] ; leading
    1) guide: conducir, llevar, guiar
    2) direct: dirigir
    3) head: encabezar, ir al frente de
    4)
    to lead to : resultar en, llevar a
    it only leads to trouble: sólo resulta en problemas
    lead n
    : delantera f, primer lugar m
    to take the lead: tomar la delantera
    lead ['lɛd] n
    1) : plomo m (metal)
    2) : mina f (de lápiz)
    3)
    lead poisoning : saturnismo m
    n.
    n.
    • regleta s.f.
    adj.
    • de plomo adj.
    n.
    • avance s.m.
    • delantera s.f.
    • liderato s.m.
    • mando s.m.
    • plomo (Química) s.m.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: led) = acaudillar v.
    • adiestrar v.
    • aportar v.
    • capitanear v.
    • carear v.
    • comandar v.
    • conducir v.
    • dirigir v.
    • encabezar v.
    • gobernar v.
    • guiar v.
    • mandar v.
    v.
    • emplomar v.

    I
    1) noun
    2) led
    u ( metal) plomo m

    as heavy as lead: my feet felt as heavy as lead los pies me pesaban como (un) plomo; (before n) lead crystal cristal m ( que contiene óxido de plomo y es muy preciado); lead poisoning — intoxicación f por plomo; ( chronic disease) saturnismo m

    3) c u ( in pencil) mina f; (before n)

    lead pencil — lápiz m (de mina)

    ( in competition) (no pl)

    to be in/hold the lead — llevar/conservar la delantera

    to move into the lead, to take the lead — tomar la delantera

    she has a lead of 20 meters/points over her nearest rival — le lleva 20 metros/puntos de ventaja a su rival más cercano

    5) (example, leadership) (no pl) ejemplo m

    to give a lead — dar* (el) ejemplo

    to follow o take somebody's lead — seguir* el ejemplo de alguien

    6) c ( clue) pista f
    7) c
    a) ( for dog) (BrE) correa f, traílla f
    b) ( Elec) cable m
    8) c
    a) ( main role) papel m principal

    the male/female lead — ( role) el papel principal masculino/femenino; ( person) el primer actor/la primera actriz

    b) ( Mus) solista mf

    to sing/play (the) lead — ser* la voz/el músico solista; (before n) <guitar, singer> principal

    9) c ( cards) (no pl)

    it was her lead — salía ella, ella era mano


    II
    1. liːd
    (past & past p led) transitive verb
    1)
    a) (guide, conduct) \<\<person/animal\>\> llevar, guiar*

    to lead somebody TO something/somebody — conducir* or llevar a alguien a algo/ante alguien

    to lead somebody away/off — llevarse a alguien

    lead the way! — ve tú delante or (esp AmL) adelante!

    b) (to a particular state, course of action)

    to lead somebody into temptation — hacer* caer a alguien en la tentación

    to lead somebody TO something/+ INF: this led me to the conclusion that... esto me hizo llegar a la conclusión de que...; what led you to resign? ¿qué te llevó a dimitir?; I was led to believe that... — me dieron a entender que...

    c) ( influence)
    2) (head, have charge of) \<\<discussion\>\> conducir*; \<\<orchestra\>\> ( conduct) (AmE) dirigir*; ( play first violin in) (BrE) ser* el primer violín de
    3)
    a) ( be at front of) \<\<parade/attack\>\> encabezar*, ir* al frente de
    b) (in race, competition) \<\<opponent\>\> aventajar

    they led the opposing team by ten points — aventajaban al equipo contrario por diez puntos, le llevaban diez puntos de ventaja al equipo contrario

    to lead the field — ( Sport) ir* en cabeza or a la cabeza, llevar la delantera

    4) \<\<life\>\> llevar
    5) ( play) \<\<trumps/hearts\>\> salir* con

    2.
    vi
    1)

    to lead TO something — \<\<road/path/steps\>\> llevar or conducir* or dar* a algo; \<\<door\>\> dar* a algo

    2)
    a) (be, act as leader)

    you lead, we'll follow — ve delante or (esp AmL) adelante, que te seguimos

    b) (in race, competition) \<\<competitor\>\> ir* a la cabeza, puntear (AmL)
    3)
    a) ( Journ)

    `The Times' leads with the budget deficit — `The Times' dedica su artículo de fondo al déficit presupuestario

    b) ( in cards) salir*, ser* mano
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    I [led]
    1.
    N (=metal) plomo m ; (in pencil) mina f ; (Naut) sonda f, escandallo m

    my limbs felt like lead or as heavy as lead — los brazos y las piernas me pesaban como plomo

    - swing the lead
    2.

    lead acetate N — acetato m de plomo

    lead crystal N — cristal m (que contiene óxido de plomo)

    lead oxide N — óxido m de plomo

    lead paint N — pintura f a base de plomo

    lead pipe N — tubería f de plomo

    lead poisoning N — saturnismo m, plumbismo m, intoxicación f por el plomo

    lead replacement petrol N — (gasolina f) súper f aditiva, (gasolina f) súper f con aditivos

    lead weight N — peso m plomo


    II [liːd] (vb: pt, pp led)
    1. N
    1) (=leading position) (Sport) delantera f, cabeza f ; (=distance, time, points ahead) ventaja f

    • to be in the lead — (gen) ir a la or en cabeza, ir primero; (Sport) llevar la delantera; (in league) ocupar el primer puesto

    • to have two minutes' lead over sb — llevar a algn una ventaja de dos minutos

    • to take the lead — (Sport) tomar la delantera; (=take the initiative) tomar la iniciativa

    2) (=example) ejemplo m

    • to follow sb's lead — seguir el ejemplo de algn

    • to give sb a lead — guiar a algn, dar el ejemplo a algn, mostrar el camino a algn

    3) (=clue) pista f, indicación f

    • to follow up a lead — seguir or investigar una pista

    4) (Theat) papel m principal; (in opera) voz f cantante; (=person) primer actor m, primera actriz f

    • to play the lead — tener el papel principal

    • to sing the lead — llevar la voz cantante

    • with Greta Garbo in the lead — con Greta Garbo en el primer papel

    5) (=leash) cuerda f, traílla f, correa f (LAm)

    • dogs must be kept on a lead — los perros deben llevarse con traílla

    6) (Elec) cable m
    7) (Cards)

    whose lead is it? — ¿quién sale?, ¿quién es mano?

    it's my lead — soy mano, salgo yo

    it's your lead — tú eres mano, sales tú

    • if the lead is in hearts — si la salida es a corazones

    8) (Press) primer párrafo m, entrada f
    2. VT
    1) (=conduct) llevar, conducir

    • to lead sb to a table — conducir a algn a una mesa

    what led you to Venice? — ¿qué te llevó a Venecia?, ¿con qué motivo fuiste a Venecia?

    • this discussion is leading us nowhere — esta discusión no nos lleva a ninguna parte

    • to lead the way — (lit) ir primero; (fig) mostrar el camino, dar el ejemplo

    2) (=be the leader of) [+ government] dirigir, encabezar; [+ party] encabezar, ser jefe de; [+ expedition, regiment] mandar; [+ discussion] conducir; [+ team] capitanear; [+ league] ir a la or en cabeza de, encabezar, ocupar el primer puesto en; [+ procession] ir a la or en cabeza de, encabezar; [+ orchestra] (Brit) ser el primer violín en; (US) dirigir
    3) (=be first in)

    • to lead the field — (Sport) ir a la cabeza, llevar la delantera

    • Britain led the world in textiles — Inglaterra era el líder mundial en la industria textil

    4) (=be in front of) [+ opponent] aventajar

    • Roberts leads Brown by four games to one — Roberts le aventaja a Brown por cuatro juegos a uno

    5) [+ life, existence] llevar

    • to lead a busy life — llevar una vida muy ajetreada

    to lead a full life — llevar or tener una vida muy activa, llevar or tener una vida llena de actividades

    dance 1., 1), life 1., 3)
    6) (=influence)

    to lead sb to do sth — llevar or inducir or mover a algn a hacer algo

    • we were led to believe that... — nos hicieron creer que...

    • what led you to this conclusion? — ¿qué te hizo llegar a esta conclusión?

    • he is easily led — es muy sugestionable

    • to lead sb into error — inducir a algn a error

    3. VI
    1) (=go in front) ir primero
    2) (in match, race) llevar la delantera

    he is leading by an hour/ten metres — lleva una hora/diez metros de ventaja

    3) (Cards) ser mano, salir

    you lead — sales tú, tú eres mano

    4) (=be in control) estar al mando
    5)

    • to lead to — [street, corridor] conducir a; [door] dar a

    this street leads to the station — esta calle conduce a la estación, por esta calle se va a la estación

    this street leads to the main square — esta calle sale a or desemboca en la plaza principal

    6) (=result in)

    • to lead to — llevar a

    one thing led to another... — una cosa nos/los etc llevó a otra...

    4.
    CPD

    lead story N — reportaje m principal

    lead time N — plazo m de entrega

    * * *

    I
    1) noun
    2) [led]
    u ( metal) plomo m

    as heavy as lead: my feet felt as heavy as lead los pies me pesaban como (un) plomo; (before n) lead crystal cristal m ( que contiene óxido de plomo y es muy preciado); lead poisoning — intoxicación f por plomo; ( chronic disease) saturnismo m

    3) c u ( in pencil) mina f; (before n)

    lead pencil — lápiz m (de mina)

    4) [liːd]
    ( in competition) (no pl)

    to be in/hold the lead — llevar/conservar la delantera

    to move into the lead, to take the lead — tomar la delantera

    she has a lead of 20 meters/points over her nearest rival — le lleva 20 metros/puntos de ventaja a su rival más cercano

    5) (example, leadership) (no pl) ejemplo m

    to give a lead — dar* (el) ejemplo

    to follow o take somebody's lead — seguir* el ejemplo de alguien

    6) c ( clue) pista f
    7) c
    a) ( for dog) (BrE) correa f, traílla f
    b) ( Elec) cable m
    8) c
    a) ( main role) papel m principal

    the male/female lead — ( role) el papel principal masculino/femenino; ( person) el primer actor/la primera actriz

    b) ( Mus) solista mf

    to sing/play (the) lead — ser* la voz/el músico solista; (before n) <guitar, singer> principal

    9) c ( cards) (no pl)

    it was her lead — salía ella, ella era mano


    II
    1. [liːd]
    (past & past p led) transitive verb
    1)
    a) (guide, conduct) \<\<person/animal\>\> llevar, guiar*

    to lead somebody TO something/somebody — conducir* or llevar a alguien a algo/ante alguien

    to lead somebody away/off — llevarse a alguien

    lead the way! — ve tú delante or (esp AmL) adelante!

    b) (to a particular state, course of action)

    to lead somebody into temptation — hacer* caer a alguien en la tentación

    to lead somebody TO something/+ INF: this led me to the conclusion that... esto me hizo llegar a la conclusión de que...; what led you to resign? ¿qué te llevó a dimitir?; I was led to believe that... — me dieron a entender que...

    c) ( influence)
    2) (head, have charge of) \<\<discussion\>\> conducir*; \<\<orchestra\>\> ( conduct) (AmE) dirigir*; ( play first violin in) (BrE) ser* el primer violín de
    3)
    a) ( be at front of) \<\<parade/attack\>\> encabezar*, ir* al frente de
    b) (in race, competition) \<\<opponent\>\> aventajar

    they led the opposing team by ten points — aventajaban al equipo contrario por diez puntos, le llevaban diez puntos de ventaja al equipo contrario

    to lead the field — ( Sport) ir* en cabeza or a la cabeza, llevar la delantera

    4) \<\<life\>\> llevar
    5) ( play) \<\<trumps/hearts\>\> salir* con

    2.
    vi
    1)

    to lead TO something — \<\<road/path/steps\>\> llevar or conducir* or dar* a algo; \<\<door\>\> dar* a algo

    2)
    a) (be, act as leader)

    you lead, we'll follow — ve delante or (esp AmL) adelante, que te seguimos

    b) (in race, competition) \<\<competitor\>\> ir* a la cabeza, puntear (AmL)
    3)
    a) ( Journ)

    `The Times' leads with the budget deficit — `The Times' dedica su artículo de fondo al déficit presupuestario

    b) ( in cards) salir*, ser* mano
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > lead

  • 7 animar

    v.
    1 to cheer up (gladden) (person).
    tu regalo le animó mucho your present really cheered her up
    los fans animaban a su equipo the fans were cheering their team on
    2 to encourage (to stimulate).
    animar a alguien a hacer algo to encourage somebody to do something
    Silvia animó a Ricardo a estudiar Silvia encouraged Richard to study.
    3 to motivate, to drive (to encourage).
    no le anima ningún afán de riqueza she's not driven by any desire to be rich
    4 to brighten up, to brighten, to animate, to buoy up.
    Ricardo animó la fiesta Richard animated the party.
    5 to give life to.
    Los primeros auxilios animaron al bebé The first aid gave life to the baby
    6 to compere, to act as a compere for.
    Ricardo animó el espectáculo Richard compered the show.
    * * *
    1 (alegrar a alguien) to cheer up
    2 (alegrar algo) to brighten up, liven up
    3 (alentar) to encourage
    1 (persona) to cheer up
    2 (fiesta etc) to brighten up, liven up
    3 (decidirse) to make up one's mind
    * * *
    verb
    1) to cheer up, brighten up
    2) enliven, liven up
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=alegrar) [+ persona triste] to cheer up; [+ habitación] to brighten up
    2) (=entretener) [+ persona aburrida] to liven up; [+ charla, fiesta, reunión] to liven up, enliven
    3) (=alentar) [+ persona] to encourage; [+ proyecto] to inspire; [+ fuego] to liven up

    animar a algn a hacer o a que haga algo — to encourage sb to do sth

    esas noticias nos animaron a pensar que... — that news encouraged us to think that...

    me animan a que siga — they're encouraging o urging me to carry on

    4) (Econ) [+ mercado, economía] to stimulate, inject life into
    5) (Bio) to animate, give life to
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( alentar) to encourage; ( levantar el espíritu) to cheer... up

    animar a alguien a + inf or a que + subj — to encourage somebody to + inf

    b) <fiesta/reunión> to liven up
    c) (con luces, colores) to brighten up
    2) < programa> to present, host; <club/centro> to organize entertainment in
    3) ( impulsar) to inspire
    2.
    animarse v pron
    a) (alegrarse, cobrar vida) fiesta/reunión to liven up, warm up; persona to liven up
    b) ( cobrar ánimos) to cheer up

    si me animo a salir te llamo — if I feel like going out, I'll call you

    c) ( atreverse)

    animarse a + inf: ¿quién se anima a decírselo? who's going to be brave enough to tell him?; no me animo a saltar I can't bring myself to jump; al final me animé a confesárselo — I finally plucked up the courage to tell her

    * * *
    = cheer, spur, spur on, enliven, set + Nombre + off, embolden, set + alight, animate, buoy, enthuse, prod, sparkle, cheer up, take + heart, egg on, perk up, encourage, brighten up, stimulate, pep up, hearten.
    Ex. I shall neither cheer nor mourn its passing from the current agenda because to do so would be to demonstrate a partisanship that was not presidential.
    Ex. Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex. The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex. Children in this state are in a crisis of confidence from which they must be relieved before their set about books can be refreshed and enlivened.
    Ex. This local tale could have been used to set me and my classmates off on a search for other similar stories that litter the area up and down the east coast of Britain.
    Ex. The spark of warmth had emboldened her.
    Ex. However, the spark that really set librarians alight came from outside Australia.
    Ex. HotJava animates documents through the use of 'applets': small application programs that can be written to support many different tasks.
    Ex. 'Well,' recommenced the young librarian, buoyed up by the director's interest, 'I believe that everybody is a good employee until they prove differently to me'.
    Ex. Teachers must enthuse students to library work and its value.
    Ex. Science Citation Index (SCI) depends for intellectual content entirely on citations by authors, who are sometimes prodded by editors and referees.
    Ex. His talks sparkle with Southern humor and a distinct voice known to mention rednecks, the evil of institutions, and racial reconciliation.
    Ex. This novel was written to cheer herself up when she and her baby were trapped inside their freezing cold flat in a blizzard, unable to get to the library.
    Ex. But I take heart from something that Bill Frye said when he agreed to outline a national program for preserving millions of books in danger of deterioration = Aunque me fortalezco con algo que Bill Frye dijo cuando aceptó esbozar un programa nacional para la conservación de millones de libros en peligro de deterioro.
    Ex. In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex. The author presents ideas designed to perk up classroom spirits.
    Ex. A common catalogue encourages users to regard the different information carrying media as part of range of media.
    Ex. The flowers will really help brighten up the cemetery when they flower in spring.
    Ex. An alertness to work in related fields may stimulate creativity in disseminating ideas from one field of study to another, for both the researcher and the manager.
    Ex. Soccer ace David Beckham has started wearing mystical hippy beads to pep up his sex life.
    Ex. We are heartened by the fact that we are still so far a growth story in the midst of this global challenge.
    ----
    * animarse = brighten.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( alentar) to encourage; ( levantar el espíritu) to cheer... up

    animar a alguien a + inf or a que + subj — to encourage somebody to + inf

    b) <fiesta/reunión> to liven up
    c) (con luces, colores) to brighten up
    2) < programa> to present, host; <club/centro> to organize entertainment in
    3) ( impulsar) to inspire
    2.
    animarse v pron
    a) (alegrarse, cobrar vida) fiesta/reunión to liven up, warm up; persona to liven up
    b) ( cobrar ánimos) to cheer up

    si me animo a salir te llamo — if I feel like going out, I'll call you

    c) ( atreverse)

    animarse a + inf: ¿quién se anima a decírselo? who's going to be brave enough to tell him?; no me animo a saltar I can't bring myself to jump; al final me animé a confesárselo — I finally plucked up the courage to tell her

    * * *
    = cheer, spur, spur on, enliven, set + Nombre + off, embolden, set + alight, animate, buoy, enthuse, prod, sparkle, cheer up, take + heart, egg on, perk up, encourage, brighten up, stimulate, pep up, hearten.

    Ex: I shall neither cheer nor mourn its passing from the current agenda because to do so would be to demonstrate a partisanship that was not presidential.

    Ex: Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex: The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex: Children in this state are in a crisis of confidence from which they must be relieved before their set about books can be refreshed and enlivened.
    Ex: This local tale could have been used to set me and my classmates off on a search for other similar stories that litter the area up and down the east coast of Britain.
    Ex: The spark of warmth had emboldened her.
    Ex: However, the spark that really set librarians alight came from outside Australia.
    Ex: HotJava animates documents through the use of 'applets': small application programs that can be written to support many different tasks.
    Ex: 'Well,' recommenced the young librarian, buoyed up by the director's interest, 'I believe that everybody is a good employee until they prove differently to me'.
    Ex: Teachers must enthuse students to library work and its value.
    Ex: Science Citation Index (SCI) depends for intellectual content entirely on citations by authors, who are sometimes prodded by editors and referees.
    Ex: His talks sparkle with Southern humor and a distinct voice known to mention rednecks, the evil of institutions, and racial reconciliation.
    Ex: This novel was written to cheer herself up when she and her baby were trapped inside their freezing cold flat in a blizzard, unable to get to the library.
    Ex: But I take heart from something that Bill Frye said when he agreed to outline a national program for preserving millions of books in danger of deterioration = Aunque me fortalezco con algo que Bill Frye dijo cuando aceptó esbozar un programa nacional para la conservación de millones de libros en peligro de deterioro.
    Ex: In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex: The author presents ideas designed to perk up classroom spirits.
    Ex: A common catalogue encourages users to regard the different information carrying media as part of range of media.
    Ex: The flowers will really help brighten up the cemetery when they flower in spring.
    Ex: An alertness to work in related fields may stimulate creativity in disseminating ideas from one field of study to another, for both the researcher and the manager.
    Ex: Soccer ace David Beckham has started wearing mystical hippy beads to pep up his sex life.
    Ex: We are heartened by the fact that we are still so far a growth story in the midst of this global challenge.
    * animarse = brighten.

    * * *
    animar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (alentar) to encourage; (levantar el espíritu) to cheer … up
    tu visita lo animó mucho your visit cheered him up a lot o really lifted his spirits
    animar a algn A + INF to encourage sb to + INF
    me animó a presentarme al concurso he encouraged me to enter the competition
    animar a algn A QUE + SUBJ to encourage sb to + INF
    traté de animarlo a que continuara I tried to encourage him to carry on
    2 (dar vida a, alegrar) ‹fiesta/reunión› to liven up
    los niños animan mucho la casa the children really liven the house up; (con luces, colores) to brighten up
    el vino empezaba a animarlos the wine was beginning to liven them up o to make them more lively
    las luces y los adornos animan las calles en Navidad lights and decorations brighten up the streets at Christmas
    B
    1 ‹programa› to present, host
    2 ‹club/centro› to organize entertainment in
    C (impulsar) to inspire
    los principios que animaron su ideología the principles which inspired their ideology
    no nos anima ningún afán de lucro we are not driven o motivated by any desire for profit
    1 (alegrarse, cobrar vida) «fiesta/reunión» to liven up, warm up, get going; «persona» to liven up, come to life
    2 (cobrar ánimos) to cheer up
    se animó mucho al vernos she cheered up o brightened up o ( colloq) perked up a lot when she saw us
    animarse A + INF:
    si me animo a salir te llamo if I decide to go out o if I feel like going out, I'll call you
    ¿no se anima nadie a ir? doesn't anyone feel like going?, doesn't anyone want to go?
    3 (atreverse) animarse A + INF:
    ¿quién se anima a planteárselo al jefe? who's going to be brave enough o who's going to be the one to tackle the boss about it? ( colloq)
    yo no me animo a tirarme del trampolín I can't bring myself to o I don't dare dive off the springboard
    a ver si te animas a hacerlo why don't you have a go?
    al final me animé a confesárselo I finally plucked up the courage to tell her
    * * *

     

    animar ( conjugate animar) verbo transitivo
    1

    ( levantar el espíritu) to cheer … up;

    animar a algn a hacer algo or a que haga algo to encourage sb to do sth
    b) ‹fiesta/reunión› to liven up;


    c) (con luces, colores) to brighten up

    2 ‹ programa› to present, host
    3 ( impulsar) to inspire
    animarse verbo pronominal
    a) (alegrarse, cobrar vida) [fiesta/reunión] to liven up, warm up;

    [ persona] to liven up

    ◊ si me animo a salir te llamo if I feel like going out, I'll call you

    c) ( atreverse):

    ◊ ¿quién se anima a decírselo? who's going to be brave enough to tell him?;

    no me animo a saltar I can't bring myself to jump;
    al final me animé a confesárselo I finally plucked up the courage to tell her
    animar verbo transitivo
    1 (alegrar a alguien) to cheer up
    (una fiesta, una reunión) to liven up, brighten up
    2 (estimular a una persona) to encourage
    ' animar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    activar
    - alegrar
    - entusiasmar
    - jalear
    - motivar
    - reanimar
    - venga
    - ánimo
    - empujón
    - entonar
    - hala
    - ir
    - órale
    English:
    animate
    - buck up
    - buoy up
    - cheer
    - cheer up
    - encourage
    - enliven
    - hearten
    - inspire
    - jazz up
    - liven
    - urge on
    - warm up
    - brighten
    - buoy
    - jolly
    - liven up
    - pep
    - root
    - urge
    - warm
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [estimular] to encourage;
    los fans animaban a su equipo the fans were cheering their team on;
    animar a alguien a hacer algo to encourage sb to do sth;
    me animaron a aceptar la oferta they encouraged me to accept the offer;
    lo animó a que dejara la bebida she encouraged him to stop drinking
    2. [alegrar] to cheer up;
    tu regalo la animó mucho your present really cheered her up;
    los colores de los participantes animaban el desfile the colourful costumes of the participants brightened up the procession, the costumes of the participants added colour to the procession
    3. [fuego, diálogo, fiesta] to liven up;
    [comercio] to stimulate;
    el tanto del empate animó el partido the equalizer brought the game to life, the game came alive after the equalizer;
    las medidas del gobierno pretenden animar la inversión the government's measures are aimed at stimulating o promoting investment
    4. [mover]
    los artistas animaban los títeres the puppeteers operated the puppets;
    5. [impulsar] to motivate, to drive;
    no le anima ningún afán de riqueza she's not driven by any desire to be rich;
    no me anima ningún sentimiento de venganza I'm not doing this out of a desire for revenge
    * * *
    v/t
    1 cheer up
    2 ( alentar) encourage
    * * *
    animar vt
    1) alentar: to encourage, to inspire
    2) : to animate, to enliven
    3) : to brighten up, to cheer up
    * * *
    animar vb
    1. (persona) to cheer up
    2. (lugar, situación) to liven up
    3. (motivar) to encourage

    Spanish-English dictionary > animar

  • 8 Socialist Party / Partido Socialista

    (PS)
       Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.
       During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.
       By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.
       The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.
       At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.
       In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).
       The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.
       Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.
       Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Socialist Party / Partido Socialista

  • 9 Santana Lopes, Pedro Miguel de

    (1956-)
       Portuguese lawyer and politician, and prime minister (2004-05). Born in Lisbon in 1956, Santana Lopes took a law degree from the University of Lisbon and was a Student Union leader. In 1976, he joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and became a legal advisor to Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro. Santana Lopes has always considered himself a follower of the late Sá Carneiro. In 1986, he became assistant state secretary to Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, and the following year was elected to the European Parliament, in which he served for two years. In 1991, Cavaco Silva named him secretary of state for culture. He served in various other posts, including mayor of Lisbon, and he founded a weekly newspaper, Semanário.
       In 1998, Santana Lopes withdrew from politics after being negatively depicted in a private television station comic sketch. Instead, he continued in politics and rose to the vice-presidency of the PSD. José Manuel Durão Barroso resigned in July 2004 to become president of the European Commission, and Santana Lopes became PSD leader. Since his party was the major partner in the governing coalition at this time and Barroso had resigned his post, Santana Lopes succeeded him.
       Santana Lopes' brief premiership was fraught with difficulties. The national economy was in a crisis, and there were frequent cabinet shuffles, factionalism among PSD leaders, and questions being raised about the competence of Santana Lopes to govern effectively. President Jorge Sampaio called a parliamentary election for February 2005, following the resignation of the minister of sport from the cabinet and that minister's attacks on the prime minister's conduct. The Socialist Party (PS) under José Sócrates won the election, and Santana Lopes left office to resume his post as mayor of Lisbon. Santana Lopes, however, after in-fighting with his party and following the party's failure to endorse him as a candidate for the upcoming municipal elections, resigned this post one month before the election of February 2005.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Santana Lopes, Pedro Miguel de

  • 10 head

    head [hed]
    tête ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e), 1 (i), 1 (j), 1 (l), 1 (n), 1 (p), 1 (v) mal de tête ⇒ 1 (f) chef ⇒ 1 (g) côté face ⇒ 1 (k) être à la tête de ⇒ 2 (a) être en tête de ⇒ 2 (b) diriger ⇒ 2 (c) intituler ⇒ 2 (d) aller ⇒ 3 principal ⇒ 4 (a) premier ⇒ 4 (b)
    (pl sense (l) inv)
    1 noun
    (a) (of human, animal) tête f;
    ∎ she has a fine head of hair elle a de très beaux cheveux ou une très belle chevelure;
    ∎ he's already a head taller than his mother il dépasse déjà sa mère d'une tête;
    ∎ Horseracing to win by a head gagner d'une tête;
    ∎ from head to toe or foot de la tête aux pieds;
    ∎ he was covered in mud from head to toe or foot il était couvert de boue de la tête aux pieds;
    ∎ she was dressed in black from head to toe or foot elle était tout en noir ou entièrement vêtue de noir;
    ∎ to fall head over heels tomber la tête la première;
    ∎ to fall head over heels in love with sb tomber éperdument amoureux de qn;
    ∎ to have one's head in the clouds avoir la tête dans les nuages;
    ∎ he wanders around with his head in the clouds il est toujours dans les nuages;
    ∎ wine always goes to my head le vin me monte toujours à la tête;
    ∎ all this praise has gone to his head toutes ces louanges lui ont tourné la tête;
    ∎ to give a horse its head lâcher la bride à un cheval;
    ∎ figurative give him his head and put him in charge lâchez-lui la bride et laissez-le prendre des responsabilités;
    ∎ to stand on one's head faire le poirier;
    ∎ familiar I could do it standing on my head c'est simple comme bonjour;
    ∎ that's the kind of thing he could do standing on his head c'est le genre de choses qu'il peut faire les yeux fermés;
    ∎ familiar she's got her head screwed on (the right way) elle a la tête sur les épaules;
    ∎ the girl's got a good head on her shoulders cette fille a la tête sur les épaules;
    ∎ he's an old head on young shoulders il est très mûr pour son âge;
    ∎ figurative she's head and shoulders above the rest les autres ne lui arrivent pas à la cheville;
    ∎ familiar to laugh one's head off rire à gorge déployée;
    ∎ familiar to shout or to scream one's head off crier à tue-tête;
    ∎ they'll have your head (on a plate) for this ils auront ta tête pour ça;
    ∎ heads will roll des têtes tomberont;
    ∎ American heads up! attention la tête!;
    ∎ American familiar to give sb a heads up tuyauter qn
    (b) (mind, thoughts) tête f;
    ∎ to do sums in one's head calculer de tête;
    ∎ to take it into one's head to do sth se mettre en tête de faire qch;
    ∎ the idea never entered my head ça ne m'est jamais venu à l'esprit;
    ∎ don't put silly ideas into his head ne lui mettez pas des idées stupides en tête;
    ∎ to get sth into one's head se mettre qch dans la tête;
    ∎ I can't get these dates into my head je n'arrive pas à retenir ces dates;
    ∎ she got it into her head that she was being persecuted elle s'est mis en tête ou dans l'idée qu'on la persécutait;
    ∎ I can't get that into his head je n'arrive pas à le lui faire comprendre;
    ∎ the answer has gone right out of my head j'ai complètement oublié la réponse;
    ∎ I think he made it up out of his own head je crois que c'est lui qui a inventé ça;
    ∎ familiar use your head! fais travailler tes méninges!;
    ∎ familiar it's doing my head in! ça me tape sur le système!, ça me prend la tête!;
    ∎ familiar I just can't get my head round the idea that she's gone je n'arrive vraiment pas à me faire à l'idée qu'elle est partie;
    ∎ familiar to get one's head straight or together se ressaisir
    ∎ to have a good head for business avoir le sens des affaires, s'entendre aux affaires;
    ∎ she has no head for business elle n'a pas le sens des affaires;
    ∎ in my job, you need a good head for figures pour faire mon métier, il faut savoir manier les chiffres;
    ∎ to have a (good) head for heights ne pas avoir le vertige;
    ∎ I've no head for heights j'ai le vertige
    (d) (clear thinking, common sense)
    ∎ keep your head! gardez votre calme!, ne perdez pas la tête!;
    ∎ to keep a cool head garder la tête froide;
    ∎ you'll need a clear head in the morning vous aurez besoin d'avoir l'esprit clair demain matin;
    ∎ to let one's head be ruled by one's heart laisser son cœur gouverner sa raison;
    ∎ British familiar he's off his head il est malade, il n'est pas net;
    ∎ familiar he's not quite right in the head, he's a bit soft in the head il est un peu timbré;
    ∎ familiar to be out of one's head (drunk) être bourré; (on drugs) être défoncé
    (e) (intelligence, ability) tête f;
    ∎ we'll have to put our heads together and find a solution nous devrons nous y mettre ensemble pour trouver une solution;
    ∎ off the top of my head, I'd say it would cost about £1,500 à vue de nez, je dirais que ça coûte dans les 1500 livres;
    ∎ I don't know off the top of my head je ne sais pas, il faudrait que je vérifie;
    ∎ she made some figures up off the top of her head elle a inventé des chiffres;
    ∎ he's talking off the top of his head il raconte n'importe quoi;
    ∎ her lecture was completely over my head sa conférence m'a complètement dépassé;
    ∎ to talk over sb's head s'exprimer de manière trop compliquée pour qn;
    ∎ proverb two heads are better than one deux avis valent mieux qu'un
    (f) familiar (headache) mal m de tête□ ;
    ∎ I've got a bit of a head this morning j'ai un peu mal à la tête ce matin
    (g) (chief, boss → of police, government, family) chef m; (→ of school, company) directeur(trice) m,f;
    ∎ the European heads of government les chefs mpl de gouvernement européens;
    ∎ the crowned heads of Europe les têtes fpl couronnées de l'Europe;
    ∎ head of department (in school) chef m de département; (in company) chef m de service
    (h) (authority, responsibility)
    ∎ she went over my head to the president elle est allée voir le président sans me consulter;
    ∎ they were promoted over my head ils ont été promus avant moi;
    ∎ on your (own) head be it! c'est toi qui en prends la responsabilité!, à tes risques et périls!;
    ∎ literary his blood will be upon your head la responsabilité de sa mort pèsera sur vos épaules
    (i) (top → of racquet, pin, hammer) tête f; (→ of staircase) haut m, tête f; (→ of bed) chevet m, tête f; (→ of arrow) pointe f; (→ of page) tête f; (→ of letter) en-tête m; (→ of cane) pommeau m; (→ of valley) tête f; (→ of river) source f; (→ of mineshaft) bouche f; (→ of column, rocket, still) chapiteau m; (→ of torpedo) cône m; (→ of cask) fond m;
    ∎ at the head of the procession/queue en tête de (la) procession/de (la) queue;
    ∎ sitting at the head of the table assis au bout de la ou en tête de table;
    ∎ to be at the head of the list venir en tête de liste
    (j) Botany & Cookery (of corn) épi m; (of garlic) tête f, gousse f; (of celery) pied m; (of asparagus) pointe f; (of flower) tête f;
    ∎ a head of cauliflower un chou-fleur
    (k) (of coin) côté m face;
    ∎ heads or tails? pile ou face?;
    ∎ I can't make head nor tail of this pour moi ça n'a ni queue ni tête;
    ∎ familiar humorous heads I win, tails you lose pile je gagne, face tu perds;
    ∎ it's a case of heads I win, tails you lose de toutes les façons je suis gagnant
    (l) (of livestock) tête f;
    ∎ 50 head of cattle 50 têtes de bétail
    (m) (in prices, donations)
    ∎ tickets cost £50 a head les billets valent 50 livres par personne
    (n) Electronics (of tape recorder, VCR, disk drive) tête f
    ∎ to win the scrum against the head prendre le ballon à l'adversaire sur son introduction
    (p) (title → of chapter) tête f;
    ∎ under this head sous ce titre;
    ∎ heads of agreement (draft) protocole m d'accord
    (q) Typography en-tête m
    (r) (on beer) mousse f; (on fermenting liquid) chapeau m
    (s) Physics (of fluid, gas) charge f, pression f;
    ∎ loss of head perte f de pression;
    ∎ head of water charge f ou pression f d'eau;
    ∎ figurative to get up or to work up a head of steam s'énerver
    (t) (of drum) peau f
    (u) (of ship) proue f
    (v) Medicine (of abscess, spot) tête f;
    ∎ to come to a head (abscess, spot) mûrir; figurative (problem) arriver au point critique;
    ∎ his resignation brought things to a head sa démission a précipité les choses
    ∎ to give sb head tailler une pipe à qn
    (x) American familiar or Nautical (toilet) toilettes□ fpl;
    ∎ I'm going to the head je vais pisser
    (a) (command → group, organization) être à la tête de; (→ project, revolt) diriger, être à la tête de; (chair → discussion) mener; (→ commission) présider;
    ∎ she headed the attack on the Government's economic policy elle menait l'attaque contre la politique économique du gouvernement
    (b) (be first in, on) être ou venir en tête de;
    ∎ Madrid heads the list of Europe's most interesting cities Madrid vient ou s'inscrit en tête des villes les plus intéressantes d'Europe;
    ∎ Sport she headed the pack from the start elle était en tête du peloton dès le départ
    (c) (steer → vehicle) diriger; (→ person) guider, diriger;
    ∎ we headed the sheep down the hill nous avons fait descendre les moutons de la colline;
    ∎ they are heading the country into chaos ils conduisent le pays au chaos;
    ∎ just head me towards the nearest bar dirigez-moi vers le bar le plus proche;
    ∎ where are you headed? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ Nautical to head a ship westwards mettre le cap à l'ouest
    (d) (provide title for) intituler; (be title of) être en tête de;
    ∎ the essay is headed 'Democracy' l'essai s'intitule ou est intitulé 'Démocratie'
    (e) Football (ball) jouer de la tête;
    ∎ he headed the ball into the goal il a marqué de la tête
    (f) old-fashioned (skirt around → lake) contourner par l'amont; (→ river) contourner par sa source
    (g) (plant) écimer, étêter
    (car, crowd, person) aller, se diriger; Nautical mettre le cap sur;
    ∎ where are you heading? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ you're heading in the right direction vous allez dans la bonne direction;
    ∎ I'm going to head home je vais rentrer;
    ∎ the train headed into/out of a tunnel le train est entré dans un/sorti d'un tunnel
    (a) (main → person) principal
    ►► head barman chef m barman;
    British School head boy = élève chargé d'un certain nombre de responsabilités et qui représente son école aux cérémonies publiques;
    head cashier chef m caissier;
    head chef chef m de cuisine;
    Commerce head clerk premier commis m, chef m de bureau;
    head cold rhume m de cerveau;
    head count vérification f du nombre de personnes présentes;
    ∎ the teacher did a head count la maîtresse a compté les élèves;
    head foreman chef m d'atelier;
    Mining head frame chevalement m;
    head gardener jardinier(ère) m,f en chef;
    Cars head gasket joint m de culasse;
    Technology head gate (of lock) porte f d'amont;
    British School head girl = élève chargée d'un certain nombre de responsabilités et qui représente son école aux cérémonies publiques;
    head housekeeper (in hotel) gouvernante f générale;
    head louse pou m;
    head office siège m social, bureau m central;
    ∎ it's British head office or American the head office on the phone c'est le siège au téléphone;
    head porter (in hotel) chef-portier m; (in university college) appariteur m principal;
    (a) (in rowing) tête-de-rivière f
    (b) Technology canal m de prise ou d'amenée; (of water mill) bief m d'amont;
    head receptionist chef m de réception;
    Music head register voix f de tête;
    British Cars head restraint appuie-tête m, repose-tête m;
    Television & Cinema head shot gros plan m de tête;
    head start (lead) avance f; (advantage) avantage m;
    ∎ he had a ten-minute head start over the others il a commencé dix minutes avant les autres;
    ∎ I got a head start j'ai pris de l'avance sur les autres;
    ∎ go on, I'll give you a head start allez, vas-y, je te donne un peu d'avance;
    ∎ being bilingual gives her a head start over the others étant bilingue, elle est avantagée par rapport aux autres;
    head of state chef m d'État;
    School head teacher (man) proviseur m, directeur m, chef m d'établissement; (woman) directrice f, chef m d'établissement;
    head torch lampe f frontale;
    Music head voice voix f de tête;
    head waiter maître m d'hôtel;
    British School head of year conseiller(ère) m,f (principal(e)) d'éducation
    rentrer, retourner;
    ∎ we headed back to the office nous sommes retournés au bureau;
    ∎ when are you heading back? quand comptez-vous rentrer?
    (of car, person) se diriger vers; Nautical mettre le cap sur;
    ∎ where are you headed for? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ she headed for home elle rentra (à la maison);
    ∎ the country is heading for civil war le pays va droit à la guerre civile;
    ∎ he's heading for trouble il va s'attirer des ennuis;
    ∎ figurative to be heading for a fall courir à l'échec;
    ∎ familiar to head for the hills filer
    (a) (divert → animal, vehicle, person) détourner de son chemin; (→ enemy) forcer à reculer;
    ∎ figurative she headed off all questions about her private life elle a éludé toute question sur sa vie privée
    (b) (crisis, disaster) prévenir, éviter; (rebellion, revolt, unrest) éviter
    partir;
    ∎ the children headed off to school les enfants sont partis pour ou à l'école
    (be leader of) diriger

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > head

  • 11 file

    ̈ɪfaɪl I
    1. сущ.
    1) напильник, надфиль a nail file ≈ пилка для ногтей
    2) шлифовка, обработка напильником, опиливание to need the file ≈ требовать отделки Syn: polish, buffing
    3) перен. ловкач, пройдоха deep file old file Syn: cunning person
    4) разг. парень, приятель Syn: fellow,cove ∙ bite a file to gnaw a file
    2. гл.
    1) шлифовать, затачивать напильником;

    2) перен. отделывать (стиль и т. п.) ∙ file away file down file for II
    1. сущ.
    1) папка, скоросшиватель
    2) комп. файл to copy a file ≈ скопировать файл to create a file ≈ создать файл to delete, erase a file ≈ удалить файл to edit a file ≈ редактировать файл to print a file ≈ распечатывать файл
    3) дело;
    досье to make up, open a file ≈ завести дело to keep a file ≈ вести дело to close a file ≈ закрыть дело to keep a file on smb. ≈ шить на кого-л. дело These documents are kept on file. ≈ Эти документы подшиты к делу. Syn: dossier, folder
    4) подшивка( газет)
    5) архив, картотека Syn: card index
    2. гл.
    1) регистрировать документы;
    подшивать к делу, архивировать
    2) хранить в определенном порядке
    3) обращаться( с заявлением, прошением), подавать какой-л. документ (for;
    with) to file a formal charge against ≈ выдвигать формальное обвинение to file for divorce ≈ подавать на развод She filed an application with several employment agencies. ≈ Она послала заявление в несколько агентств по найму. Syn: charge, lodge, apply, submit
    4) регистрироваться (в качестве кандидата на выборах) III
    1. сущ.
    1) ряд, шеренга;
    колонна blank file ≈ неполный ряд full file ≈ полный ряд to march in file ≈ идти в колонне по два in single file, in Indian file ≈ гуськом, по одному file leader ≈ головной отряд, направляющий file closer ≈ замыкающий Syn: row
    2) шахм. вертикаль
    2. гл. идти гуськом;
    передвигать(ся) колонной (by, past) to file past a coffin ≈ по очереди подходить к гробу to file into ≈ входить to file out of ≈ выходить to file into an auditorium ≈ входить в аудиторию The jury filed out of the courtroom. ≈ Судьи вышли из зала суда. file in file out напильник, слесарная пила - to touch a piece up with a * подпилить что-л. пилочка (для ногтей) шлифовка, отделка( особ. литературного произведения) - the story needs the * рассказ требует доработки /отделки/ (разговорное) хитрец, пройдоха - old /deep/ * продувная бестия > to bite /to gnaw/ the * делать безнадежные попытки пилить, подпиливать;
    шлифовать напильником - to * a saw наточить пилу - to * an iron bar in two (ножовкой) распилить брусок на две части - to * one's fingernails подпилить ногти - to * down /away, off/ спиливать отделывать, дорабатывать (произведение и т. п.) - every sentence has been carefully *d каждое предложение было тщательно отделано скоросшиватель, регистратор( для бумаг) шпилька( для накалывания бумаг) подшитые документы, бумаги - do we have your application on *? вы уже подали заявление? подшивка (газеты) - a * of the "Times" комплект "Таймс" дело, досье - here is our * on the Far East вот наше досье по Дальнему Востоку - to read one's own personal * прочитать свое личное дело - to keep a * on smth., smb. вести досье на что-л., кого-л. - to be on * быть подшитым к делу;
    быть в досье, быть под рукой для справок (американизм) картотека;
    картотечный шкаф( американизм) шкафчик для систематического хранения документов;
    шкафчик-регистратор (обыкн. металлический) (компьютерное) (информатика) файл, массив - inverted * инвертированный файл, файл с инверсной организацией - * device файловое устройство - * locking захват файла - * maintenance сопровождение файла - * store файловая система /память/ хранить, подшивать (бумаги) в определенном порядке (тж. * away) - to * letters in alphabetical order располагать письма в алфавитном порядке подшивать (газеты) сдавать в архив регистрировать (документы) (американизм) подавать, представлять документы - to * a petition подать петицию - to * a resignation подать заявление об отставке - to * a charge against smb. (юридическое) подать на кого-л. в суд обращаться с заявлением, просьбой - to * for a civil-service job подавать заявление о приеме на государственную службу передавать (сообщения) по телефону, телеграфу ( о журналисте) принять (заказ) к исполнению ряд, шеренга;
    колонна (людей) - full * полный ряд - blank * неполный ряд - in single /in Indian/ * гуськом, змейкой - to march in (double) * идти колонной по два - to close a * сомкнуть ряд /шеренгу/ - * formation( спортивное) колонна очередь, хвост( шахматное) вертикаль заячий след - to run one's * петлять, путать следы идти гуськом;
    передвигаться колонной - to * in входить шеренгой - to * out выходить шеренгой дефилировать, торжественно проходить - they *d past the grave of their comrades они прошли друг за другом мимо могилы своих товарищей accounting ~ вчт. учетный файл active ~ вчт. открытый файл archival quality ~ вчт. архивный файл archive ~ вчт. архивный файл archived ~ вчт. архивированный файл backspace a ~ вчт. возвращаться на один файл backup ~ вчт. резервный файл batch ~ вчт. командный файл ~ воен. ряд, шеренга;
    колонна (людей) ;
    a file of men два бойца;
    blank (full) file неполный (полный) ряд blocked ~ вчт. сблокированный файл card index ~ вчт. картотека central information ~ вчт. центральная картотека chained ~ вчт. цепной файл chained ~ вчт. цепочечный файл change ~ вчт. файл изменений chapter ~ вчт. файл описания главы checkpoint ~ вчт. файл контрольной точки circular ~ вчт. циркулярный файл close a ~ вчт. закрывать файл ~ sl ловкач;
    close file скряга;
    old (или deep) file груб. продувная бестия, тертый калач command ~ вчт. командный файл company ~ картотека компании computer ~ вчт. машинный файл configuration ~ вчт. конфигурационный файл contiguous ~ вчт. непрерывный файл control ~ вчт. управляющий файл crunched ~ вчт. сжатый файл customer ~ картотека клиентов data base ~ вчт. файл данных data base text ~ вчт. файл текстовых типов данных data ~ картотека данных data ~ вчт. массив данных data ~ вчт. файл данных data sensitive ~ вчт. информационно-зависимый файл dead ~ вчт. неиспользуемый файл dead ~ вчт. потерянный файл default comment ~ вчт. файл комментария по умолчанию design ~ вчт. проектный файл destination ~ вчт. выходной файл destination ~ вчт. файл результатов detail ~ вчт. текущий файл device independent ~ вчт. машинно-независимый файл differential ~ вчт. индекс итерации differential ~ вчт. файл различий direct access ~ вчт. файл прямого доступа direct ~ вчт. файл прямого доступа direct-access ~ вчт. файл прямого доступа direftory ~ вчт. справочный файл disk ~ вчт. дисковый файл display ~ вчт. дисплейный файл father ~ вчт. исходная версия file архив ~ архив суда ~ воен. шахм. вертикаль ~ воен. attr.: file leader головной ряда, головной колонны по одному;
    file closer замыкающий ~ дело ~ досье ~ идти гуськом;
    передвигать(ся) колонной;
    file away = file off;
    file in входить шеренгой ~ картотека, подшивка, досье, дело ~ картотека ~ комплект ~ sl ловкач;
    close file скряга;
    old (или deep) file груб. продувная бестия, тертый калач ~ тех. напильник ~ обращаться с заявлением ~ обращаться с просьбой ~ оглобля, дышло ~ регистрировать и хранить (документы) в (каком-л.) определенном порядке;
    подшивать к делу (тж. file away) ~ отделка, полировка;
    to need the file требовать отделки ~ отделывать (стиль и т. п.) ;
    file away, file down, file off спиливать, обрабатывать, отшлифовывать ~ воен. очередь, хвост ~ передавать сообщение по телеграфу ~ передавать сообщение по телефону ~ пилить, подпиливать ~ пилочка (для ногтей) ~ подавать документ в надлежащее учреждение ~ подача документа ~ подача документа в надлежащее учреждение ~ подшивать бумаги ~ подшивка (газет) ~ подшивка ~ подшитые бумаги, дело;
    досье ~ амер. представлять, подавать (какой-л.) документ;
    to file resignation подать заявление об отставке ~ представлять документ ~ принимать заказ к исполнению ~ принять заказ к исполнению ~ регистрировать документ ~ регистрировать и хранить документы в определенном порядке ~ воен. ряд, шеренга;
    колонна (людей) ;
    a file of men два бойца;
    blank (full) file неполный (полный) ряд ~ сдавать в архив ~ сдавать в архив ~ скоросшиватель (для бумаг) ;
    шпилька (для накалывания бумаг) ~ вчт. файл ~ хранение документа в определенном порядке ~ хранить документы в определенном порядке fill: fill диал. = file ~ a claim подавать исковое заявление ~ a claim предъявлять претензию ~ a suit against возбуждать дело против ~ a suit against подавать исковое заявление против ~ activity ratio вчт. интенсивность воздействия на файл ~ идти гуськом;
    передвигать(ся) колонной;
    file away = file off;
    file in входить шеренгой ~ отделывать (стиль и т. п.) ;
    file away, file down, file off спиливать, обрабатывать, отшлифовывать ~ воен. attr.: file leader головной ряда, головной колонны по одному;
    file closer замыкающий ~ control block вчт. блок управления файлом ~ description block вчт. блок описания файла ~ отделывать (стиль и т. п.) ;
    file away, file down, file off спиливать, обрабатывать, отшлифовывать ~ for bankruptcy заявлять о банкротстве ~ for bankruptcy заявлять о несостоятельности ~ идти гуськом;
    передвигать(ся) колонной;
    file away = file off;
    file in входить шеренгой ~ воен. attr.: file leader головной ряда, головной колонны по одному;
    file closer замыкающий ~ not found вчт. файл не найден ~ of documents архив документов ~ воен. ряд, шеренга;
    колонна (людей) ;
    a file of men два бойца;
    blank (full) file неполный (полный) ряд ~ идти гуськом;
    передвигать(ся) колонной;
    file away = file off;
    file in входить шеренгой ~ отделывать (стиль и т. п.) ;
    file away, file down, file off спиливать, обрабатывать, отшлифовывать ~ off уходить гуськом, по одному, по два;
    file out выходить шеренгой ~ off уходить гуськом, по одному, по два;
    file out выходить шеренгой ~ амер. представлять, подавать (какой-л.) документ;
    to file resignation подать заявление об отставке flat ~ вчт. двумерный файл flat ~ вчт. плоский файл follow-up ~ вчт. следящий файл format ~ вчт. файл формата отчета fully inverted ~ вчт. полностью инвертированный файл garbled ~ вчт. испорченный файл help ~ вчт. файл справок hidden ~ вчт. скрытый файл immutable ~ вчт. постоянный файл to march in ~ идти (в колонне) по два;
    in single (или in Indian) file гуськом, по одному inactive ~ вчт. неактивный файл incomplete ~ вчт. несвормированный файл index ~ вчт. индексный файл indexed ~ вчт. индексированный файл indirect ~ вчт. командный файл inmutable ~ вчт. постоянный файл input ~ вчт. входной файл integrated data ~ вчт. единый файл данных internal ~ вчт. внутренний файл inventory ~ картотека учета товарно-материальных запасов inverted ~ вчт. инвертированный файл labeled ~ вчт. помеченный файл letter ~ скоросшиватель для писем link ~ вчт. файл связей linked ~ вчт. связанный файл locked ~ вчт. захваченный файл main ~ главная картотека main ~ главный архив main ~ вчт. главный файл main ~ вчт. файл нормативно-справочной информации many-reel ~ вчт. многоленточный файл to march in ~ идти (в колонне) по два;
    in single (или in Indian) file гуськом, по одному master ~ главная картотека master ~ вчт. главный файл master ~ вчт. основной файл master ~ вчт. файл нормативно-справочной информации memory ~ вчт. файл дампа памяти multireel ~ вчт. многоленточный файл multivolume ~ вчт. многотомный файл ~ отделка, полировка;
    to need the file требовать отделки negative ~ вчт. негативный файл object ~ вчт. объектный файл object library ~ вчт. объектный библиотечный файл ~ sl ловкач;
    close file скряга;
    old (или deep) file груб. продувная бестия, тертый калач permanent ~ файл с постоянными данными perpetual inventory ~ картотека для непрерывного учета запасов private ~ вчт. личный файл privileged ~ вчт. привилегированный файл problem ~ вчт. проблемный файл profile ~ вчт. файл параметров пользователя program ~ вчт. файл программы protected ~ вчт. защищенный файл query ~ вчт. файл формы запроса random ~ вчт. файл прямого доступа random-access ~ вчт. файл с произвольной выборкой rank and ~ рядовой состав rank and ~ рядовые представители rank and ~ рядовые члены rank: the ranks, the ~ and file рядовой и сержантский состав армии (в противоп. офицерскому) read-only ~ вчт. файл с защитой от записи recorder ~ вчт. регистрационный файл regicter ~ вчт. регистровый файл register ~ вчт. массив регистров relational ~ вчт. реляционный файл relative ~ вчт. файл прямого доступа remote ~ вчт. дистанционный файл response ~ вчт. ответный файл scratch ~ вчт. рабочий файл segment ~ вчт. файл сегментов self-extracting ~ вчт. саморазархивирующийся файл shareable image ~ вчт. многопользовательский загрузочный модуль shared ~ вчт. коллективный файл skip ~ вчт. обойти файл skip ~ вчт. обходить файл son ~ вчт. новая версия файла source ~ вчт. исходный файл special ~ вчт. специальный файл spill ~ вчт. разрозненный файл spool ~ вчт. буферный файл squeezed ~ вчт. сжатый файл stuffed ~ вчт. заархивированный файл swapping ~ вчт. файл подкачки system ~ вчт. системный файл tagged ~ вчт. отмеченный файл tape ~ вчт. ленточный файл temporary ~ вчт. временный файл temporary working ~ вчт. временный рабочий файл text ~ вчт. текстовый файл threaded ~ вчт. цепочечный файл transactions ~ вчт. файл изменений unlinked ~ вчт. несвязный файл unnamed ~ вчт. безымянный файл unstuffed ~ вчт. разархивированный файл update ~ вчт. обновляемый файл user authorization ~ вчт. файл информации о пользователях vendor card ~ картотека поставщиков view ~ вчт. файл виртуальной базы данных virtual ~ вчт. виртуальный файл visible ~ вчт. визуализуемый файл volatile ~ вчт. изменчивый файл wallpaper ~ вчт. регистрационный файл work ~ вчт. рабочий файл working ~ вчт. рабочий файл

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > file

  • 12 file

    [̈ɪfaɪl]
    accounting file вчт. учетный файл active file вчт. открытый файл archival quality file вчт. архивный файл archive file вчт. архивный файл archived file вчт. архивированный файл backspace a file вчт. возвращаться на один файл backup file вчт. резервный файл batch file вчт. командный файл file воен. ряд, шеренга; колонна (людей); a file of men два бойца; blank (full) file неполный (полный) ряд blocked file вчт. сблокированный файл card index file вчт. картотека central information file вчт. центральная картотека chained file вчт. цепной файл chained file вчт. цепочечный файл change file вчт. файл изменений chapter file вчт. файл описания главы checkpoint file вчт. файл контрольной точки circular file вчт. циркулярный файл close a file вчт. закрывать файл file sl ловкач; close file скряга; old (или deep) file груб. продувная бестия, тертый калач command file вчт. командный файл company file картотека компании computer file вчт. машинный файл configuration file вчт. конфигурационный файл contiguous file вчт. непрерывный файл control file вчт. управляющий файл crunched file вчт. сжатый файл customer file картотека клиентов data base file вчт. файл данных data base text file вчт. файл текстовых типов данных data file картотека данных data file вчт. массив данных data file вчт. файл данных data sensitive file вчт. информационно-зависимый файл dead file вчт. неиспользуемый файл dead file вчт. потерянный файл default comment file вчт. файл комментария по умолчанию design file вчт. проектный файл destination file вчт. выходной файл destination file вчт. файл результатов detail file вчт. текущий файл device independent file вчт. машинно-независимый файл differential file вчт. индекс итерации differential file вчт. файл различий direct access file вчт. файл прямого доступа direct file вчт. файл прямого доступа direct-access file вчт. файл прямого доступа direftory file вчт. справочный файл disk file вчт. дисковый файл display file вчт. дисплейный файл father file вчт. исходная версия file архив file архив суда file воен. шахм. вертикаль file воен. attr.: file leader головной ряда, головной колонны по одному; file closer замыкающий file дело file досье file идти гуськом; передвигать(ся) колонной; file away = file off; file in входить шеренгой file картотека, подшивка, досье, дело file картотека file комплект file sl ловкач; close file скряга; old (или deep) file груб. продувная бестия, тертый калач file тех. напильник file обращаться с заявлением file обращаться с просьбой file оглобля, дышло file регистрировать и хранить (документы) в (каком-л.) определенном порядке; подшивать к делу (тж. file away) file отделка, полировка; to need the file требовать отделки file отделывать (стиль и т. п.); file away, file down, file off спиливать, обрабатывать, отшлифовывать file воен. очередь, хвост file передавать сообщение по телеграфу file передавать сообщение по телефону file пилить, подпиливать file пилочка (для ногтей) file подавать документ в надлежащее учреждение file подача документа file подача документа в надлежащее учреждение file подшивать бумаги file подшивка (газет) file подшивка file подшитые бумаги, дело; досье file амер. представлять, подавать (какой-л.) документ; to file resignation подать заявление об отставке file представлять документ file принимать заказ к исполнению file принять заказ к исполнению file регистрировать документ file регистрировать и хранить документы в определенном порядке file воен. ряд, шеренга; колонна (людей); a file of men два бойца; blank (full) file неполный (полный) ряд file сдавать в архив file сдавать в архив file скоросшиватель (для бумаг); шпилька (для накалывания бумаг) file вчт. файл file хранение документа в определенном порядке file хранить документы в определенном порядке fill: fill диал. = file file a claim подавать исковое заявление file a claim предъявлять претензию file a suit against возбуждать дело против file a suit against подавать исковое заявление против file activity ratio вчт. интенсивность воздействия на файл file идти гуськом; передвигать(ся) колонной; file away = file off; file in входить шеренгой file отделывать (стиль и т. п.); file away, file down, file off спиливать, обрабатывать, отшлифовывать file воен. attr.: file leader головной ряда, головной колонны по одному; file closer замыкающий file control block вчт. блок управления файлом file description block вчт. блок описания файла file отделывать (стиль и т. п.); file away, file down, file off спиливать, обрабатывать, отшлифовывать file for bankruptcy заявлять о банкротстве file for bankruptcy заявлять о несостоятельности file идти гуськом; передвигать(ся) колонной; file away = file off; file in входить шеренгой file воен. attr.: file leader головной ряда, головной колонны по одному; file closer замыкающий file not found вчт. файл не найден file of documents архив документов file воен. ряд, шеренга; колонна (людей); a file of men два бойца; blank (full) file неполный (полный) ряд file идти гуськом; передвигать(ся) колонной; file away = file off; file in входить шеренгой file отделывать (стиль и т. п.); file away, file down, file off спиливать, обрабатывать, отшлифовывать file off уходить гуськом, по одному, по два; file out выходить шеренгой file off уходить гуськом, по одному, по два; file out выходить шеренгой file амер. представлять, подавать (какой-л.) документ; to file resignation подать заявление об отставке flat file вчт. двумерный файл flat file вчт. плоский файл follow-up file вчт. следящий файл format file вчт. файл формата отчета fully inverted file вчт. полностью инвертированный файл garbled file вчт. испорченный файл help file вчт. файл справок hidden file вчт. скрытый файл immutable file вчт. постоянный файл to march in file идти (в колонне) по два; in single (или in Indian) file гуськом, по одному inactive file вчт. неактивный файл incomplete file вчт. несвормированный файл index file вчт. индексный файл indexed file вчт. индексированный файл indirect file вчт. командный файл inmutable file вчт. постоянный файл input file вчт. входной файл integrated data file вчт. единый файл данных internal file вчт. внутренний файл inventory file картотека учета товарно-материальных запасов inverted file вчт. инвертированный файл labeled file вчт. помеченный файл letter file скоросшиватель для писем link file вчт. файл связей linked file вчт. связанный файл locked file вчт. захваченный файл main file главная картотека main file главный архив main file вчт. главный файл main file вчт. файл нормативно-справочной информации many-reel file вчт. многоленточный файл to march in file идти (в колонне) по два; in single (или in Indian) file гуськом, по одному master file главная картотека master file вчт. главный файл master file вчт. основной файл master file вчт. файл нормативно-справочной информации memory file вчт. файл дампа памяти multireel file вчт. многоленточный файл multivolume file вчт. многотомный файл file отделка, полировка; to need the file требовать отделки negative file вчт. негативный файл object file вчт. объектный файл object library file вчт. объектный библиотечный файл file sl ловкач; close file скряга; old (или deep) file груб. продувная бестия, тертый калач permanent file файл с постоянными данными perpetual inventory file картотека для непрерывного учета запасов private file вчт. личный файл privileged file вчт. привилегированный файл problem file вчт. проблемный файл profile file вчт. файл параметров пользователя program file вчт. файл программы protected file вчт. защищенный файл query file вчт. файл формы запроса random file вчт. файл прямого доступа random-access file вчт. файл с произвольной выборкой rank and file рядовой состав rank and file рядовые представители rank and file рядовые члены rank: the ranks, the file and file рядовой и сержантский состав армии (в противоп. офицерскому) read-only file вчт. файл с защитой от записи recorder file вчт. регистрационный файл regicter file вчт. регистровый файл register file вчт. массив регистров relational file вчт. реляционный файл relative file вчт. файл прямого доступа remote file вчт. дистанционный файл response file вчт. ответный файл scratch file вчт. рабочий файл segment file вчт. файл сегментов self-extracting file вчт. саморазархивирующийся файл shareable image file вчт. многопользовательский загрузочный модуль shared file вчт. коллективный файл skip file вчт. обойти файл skip file вчт. обходить файл son file вчт. новая версия файла source file вчт. исходный файл special file вчт. специальный файл spill file вчт. разрозненный файл spool file вчт. буферный файл squeezed file вчт. сжатый файл stuffed file вчт. заархивированный файл swapping file вчт. файл подкачки system file вчт. системный файл tagged file вчт. отмеченный файл tape file вчт. ленточный файл temporary file вчт. временный файл temporary working file вчт. временный рабочий файл text file вчт. текстовый файл threaded file вчт. цепочечный файл transactions file вчт. файл изменений unlinked file вчт. несвязный файл unnamed file вчт. безымянный файл unstuffed file вчт. разархивированный файл update file вчт. обновляемый файл user authorization file вчт. файл информации о пользователях vendor card file картотека поставщиков view file вчт. файл виртуальной базы данных virtual file вчт. виртуальный файл visible file вчт. визуализуемый файл volatile file вчт. изменчивый файл wallpaper file вчт. регистрационный файл work file вчт. рабочий файл working file вчт. рабочий файл

    English-Russian short dictionary > file

  • 13 as

    1 როგორც, ისე, ისევე
    do as you please როგორც გენებოს, ისე მოიქეცი
    2 სანამ, მანამ
    as I sat there, many ideas came to my mind სანამ იქ ვიჯექი, ბევრი აზრი მომივიდა თავში
    3 ვინაიდან, რადგანაც, რამეთუ
    as you are free... რადგანაც თავისუფალი ხარ…
    4 როდესაც, როცა
    as I was leaving home, it began to rain როცა სახლიდან გავდიოდი, წვიმა დაიწყო
    as a child, I lived in Batumi ბავშვობისას ბათუმში ვცხოვრობდი
    it is as clear as daylight სავსებით ნათელია // აშკარაა
    do as you think best როგორც გიჯობს, ისე მოიქეცი
    as it happens, I was there too მოხდა ისე, რომ მეც იქ ვიყავი
    as if / though თითქოს
    as for / to რაც შეეხება
    as well აგრეთვე, -ც
    as to me I know nothing about it რაც შემეხება მე, ამის შესახებ არაფერი ვიცი
    this building is adapted for use as a school ეს შენობა სკოლისათვის გამოიყენეს
    accept this as a token of my appreciation მიიღეთ / ინებეთ ეს ჩემი მადლიერების ნიშნად
    do as you please როგორც გენებოს, ისე მოიქეცი
    do as you are bid როგორც გიბრძანეს / გითხრეს ისე გააკეთე
    in my capacity as chairman, I must say... მე, როგორც თავმჯდომარემ, უნდა ვთქვა…
    so far as / as far as რამდენადაც
    as far as I'm concerned… რაც მე შემეხება…
    do as you choose როგორც გინდა, ისე მოიქეცი
    I could just as well stayed at home მე ასევე შემეძლო სახლშიც დავრჩენილიყავი
    his resignation came as a surprise მისი გადადგომა ყველასათვის მოულოდნელი იყო
    this question came up as we talked ეს საკითხი ლაპარაკში წამოიჭრა / ჩვენმა საუბარმა მოიტანა
    her competence as a teacher is known to everybody ყველამ იცის, რომ გამოცდილი და მცოდნე მასწავლებელია
    he is as good as his word თავის სიტყვას ყოველთვის ასრულებს / თავისი სირყვის პატრონია
    he as good as said I was a thief თითქმის ქურდობა დამწამა / ქურდი მიწოდა
    he as good as said it თქვა და ეგ არის // ჩათვალე, რომ თქვა
    I'm not so green as to believe that გუშინდელი დაბადებული კი არა ვარ, რომ ეს დავიჯერო
    you needn’t ask him to come, he’ll come as a matter of course მისი დაძახება არ არის საჭირო, ისედაც მოვა
    I wouldn't take it as a gift მუქთად რომ მომცე, არ მინდა
    she denounced him as a coward მან იგი ამხილა, როგორც მშიშარა
    this room was designed as a sitting-room ეს ოთახი სასტუმრო ოთახად იყო დაგეგმილი
    I’ll tell her as soon as ever she comes თუკი მოვიდა, მაშინვე ვეტყვი
    it's just as well I came with you კარგია, რომ შენ გამოგყევი
    just as soon მირჩევნია, უკეთესია
    I'd just as soon stay at home მირჩევნია, შინ დავრჩე
    she plays the piano as well as violin; ფორტეპიანოზეც უკრავს და ვიოლინოზეც
    I may as well stay at home სწორედ ასევე შინ დარჩენაც შემიძლია;
    she is a gossip and a liar as well ჭორიკანაა და თან მატყუარაც;
    try as he would… რაც უნდა ეცადოს...
    as far as I understand როგორც მე მესმის...;
    ●●as vain as a peacock ინდაურივით გაფხორილი
    as soon as my back was turned… რა წამსაც ზურგი შევაქციე...
    ●●she's the same age as me ჩემი ხნისაა
    so as to // so that რომ, რათა
    ●●as black as ink კუპრივით შავი
    he's not nearly as stupid as he seems არც ისეთი სულელია, როგორც ჩანს
    the letter reads as follows... წერილში შემდეგი წერია…
    as long as he is here… სანამ / რახან / რადგან აქ არის...
    as many as... იმდენივე, რამდენიც…

    English-Georgian dictionary > as

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